Capital Crimes: MURDER

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LEVITICUS : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22

CAPTIAL CRIMES [Death Penelty]

• Murder [Deut 18:16-20]
• Misuse of Blood [Deut 18:16-20],
• sacrilege [sacred oil 21: 28, 29]
• Idolatry [Deut 17:2-3; Lev 20:1-6],
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MURDER


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New American Standard Bible
"You shall not murder. - Exodus 20:13

King James Bible
Thou shalt not kill. - Exodus 20: 13

QUESTION: Did the Mosaic law prohibit killing or murder?

The Hebrew word used in the passages above (ratsach) is not nearly as specific as the English word "murder". Ratsach (killing) can refer to both lawful and unlawful killing. While the English language uses different terms with different nuances to distinguish different types of killing, for example, accidental killing (manslaughter), Hebrew does not. So "ratsach" can refer to killing on the battle field (Ezekiel 21:22 - same cognitive noun), lawful killing in other circumstances(Numbers 35:27, 30) or unlawful "murder" or "assasination" (see Jud 20:4, 1 Kings 21:19, 2 Kings 6:32) and it is the contextual markers that indicate whether the killing being referred to is lawful or not.

The Mosaic law prohibited "unlawful" killing (or murder). This is self evident since certain types of killing carried the death penalty or other sanctions under the law while others did not. (The prohibition of "murder" /unlawful killing is no more "redundant" than the prohibition today of "exceeding the speed limit in restricted areas". A law, is by definition the statement that a particular action is indeed illegal) There was however no blanket prohibition on killing or the taking of a life under any circumstances. Members of the military were permitted to kill the enemy, as where those that lawfully had the right to avenge the the killing of a blood relative. The law also allowed for the lawful execution of convicted criminals of certain crimes but made allowances for unintentionally killing (manslaughter). The same word (ratsach) is used in the original language to describe the all of the above.

CONCLUSION: The Mosaic Law prohibited murder. The Hebrew word translated by some as "murder" in Exodus 20:13 can also (depending on the context) be translated as "killing" (whether lawful or unlawful)




Below are the entries for RATSACH as it appears in Exodus 20:13

- [Str 7523] NOTE : this action can refer to an accident, manslaughter, premeditation, or governmental execution - Dictionary of Biblical Languages with Semantic Domains:

- "vb. murder, slay — Qal murder, slay, with premeditation; c. acc. pers., unawares; slay as avenger; esp. pt. as subst. = slayer, manslayer, without intent; murderer, with intent. Niph. be slain; murdered. Pi. (intens.) murder, assassinate; Pt. as subst. murderer, assassin." - Hebrew-English Lexicon of the Old Testament : A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1997), Francis Brown, S.R. Driver and Charles Briggs, based on the lexicon of Wilhelm Gesenius.

- The NAS Old Testament Hebrew Lexicon, Brown, Driver, Briggs, Gesenius Lexicon
www.biblestudytools.com/lexicons/hebrew/nas/ratsach.html

- "a primitive root; properly, to dash in pieces, i.e. kill (a human being), especially to murder:--put to death, kill, (man-)slay(-er), murder(-er)" -- The exhaustive concordance of the Bible #5223, James Strong,
www.htmlbible.com/sacrednamebiblecom/kjvstrongs/STRHEB75.htm#S7523
biblehub.com/hebrew/7523.htm

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Born at just 21 weeks and weighed less than ONE POUND, breaks her silence and reveals how she had to beg doctors to resuscitate her daughter, who is now a thriving 4-year-old. In Great Britain, abortions are generally permitted up to 24 weeks of gestation


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INVOLUNTARY HOMOCIDE - Numbers Chap 35

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Numbers Chapter 35, Joshua Chapter 20 21; [1 Chron Chapter 6]
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**DRAMA [1967]**

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Jehovah’s solution was both supremely merciful and profoundly just—one that no human could ever have devised. Yet, it was elegantly simple. It is variously referred to as a purchase, a reconciliation, a redemption, a propitiation, and an atonement. (Psalm 49:8; Daniel 9:24; Galatians 3:13; Colossians 1:20; Hebrews 2:17) But the expression that perhaps best describes matters is the one used by Jesus himself. He said: “The Son of man came, not to be ministered to, but to minister and to give his soul a ransom [Greek, ly′tron] in exchange for many.”—Matthew 20:28. ~ cl chap 14 p. 138 par 6

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#QUESTION: Does Exodus 21 indicate that causing the death of an unborn child should go unpunished?
Some bible translations may give this impression but a closer look at the original text shows that the principle of "life for life" applies to both the mother AND her unborn child.

The Hebrew word here rendered “injury” (“harm,” Revised Standard Version; “mischief,” Authorized Version) is asón. According to the lexicon by William L. Holladay, asón means “mortal accident.” So the death penelty would be demanded if a "mortal" or "fatal accident" occurred. Some translations indicate that the subject would only be the WOMAN (not mortal injury to the unborn child) it should be noted however that the Hebrew text did not specify this by adding LAH, “to her.” but leaves the subject of the mortal accident open. Strict adherence to the words of the text therefore cover the death of either the mother, the unborn child or both. As bible commentators C. F. Keil and F. Delitzsch point out then, a fine would be pain only if “no injury [fatal accident] was done either to the woman or the child that was born.” - w77 8/1 p. 479

#QUESTION But don't the words "So that the fruit depart from her" pretty clearly mean that the actions kill the baby?

Departing or leaving the body of the woman may not necessarily result in the death of the child. Depending on how many months of pregnancy the mother has already had and the gravity of the blow, the baby could live or die. Speaking of infant mortality before the introduction of incubators, Dr Jeffrey P Baker Phd, states in an article on the subject that "[...] infants of 7 to 8 months gestation [...] existence remains precarious and yet NOT A FOREGONE CONCLUSION" [CAPs mine]
www.neonatology.org/pdf/7200377a.pdf

Thus a proper reading of the text allows for the fatality or "miscief" to refer either to the woman or the premature baby (or both).

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